Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses

Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses:



Sequence of Tenses

Summary:
This handout explains and describes the sequence of verb tenses in English.
Contributors:Chris Berry, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli
Last Edited: 2013-09-14 09:29:01
Strictly speaking, in English, only two tenses are marked in the verb alone, present (as in “he sings”) and past (as in “he sang”). Other English language tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called auxiliaries. Understanding the six basic tenses allows one to re-create much of the reality of time in their writing.
Simple Present: They walk
Present Perfect: They have walked
Simple Past: They walked
Past Perfect: They had walked
Future: They will walk
Future Perfect: They will have walked
Problems in sequencing tenses usually occur with the perfect tenses, all of which are formed by adding an auxiliary or auxiliaries to the past participle, the third principal part.
ring, rang, rung
walk, walked, walked
The most common auxiliaries are forms of “be,” “can,” “do,” “may,” “must,” “ought,” “shall,” “will,” “has,” “have,” “had,” and they are the forms we shall use in this most basic discussion.

Present Perfect

The present perfect consists of a past participle (the third principal part) with “has” or “have.” It designates action which began in the past but which continues into the present or the effect of which still continues.
1. Betty taught for ten years. (simple past)
2. Betty has taught for ten years. (present perfect)
The implication in (1) is that Betty has retired; in (2), that she is still teaching.
1. John did his homework. He can go to the movies.
2. If John has done his homework, he can go to the movies.
Infinitives, too, have perfect tense forms when combined with “have,” and sometimes problems arise when infinitives are used with verbs such as “hope,” “plan,” “expect,” and “intend,” all of which usually point to the future (I wanted to go to the movie. Janet meant to see the doctor.) The perfect tense sets up a sequence by marking the action which began and usually was completed before the action in the main verb.
1. I am happy to have participated in this campaign!
2. John had hoped to have won the trophy.
Thus the action of the main verb points back in time; the action of the perfect infinitive has been completed.

Past Perfect

The past perfect tense designates action in the past just as simple past does, but the action of the past perfect is action completed in the past before another action.
1. John raised vegetables and later sold them. (past)
2. John sold vegetables that he had raised. (past perfect)
The vegetables were raised before they were sold.
1. Renee washed the car when George arrived (simple past)
2. Renee had washed the car when George arrived. (past perfect)
In (1), she waited until George arrived and then washed the car. In (2), she had already finished washing the car by the time he arrived.
In sentences expressing condition and result, the past perfect tense is used in the part that states the condition.
1. If I had done my exercises, I would have passed the test.
2. I think George would have been elected if he hadn’t sounded so pompous.

Future Perfect

The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future.
1. Saturday I will finish my housework. (simple future)
2. By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework. (future perfect)

Review

1. Judy saved thirty dollars. (past)
2. Judy will save thirty dollars. (future)
3. Judy has saved thirty dollars. (present perfect)
4. Judy had saved thirty dollars by the end of last month. (past perfect)
5. Judy will have saved thirty dollars by the end of this month. (future perfect)





Notice: There can be only one “would have” action group in a sentence.

The Struggle

I feel like I’m being ripped apart.
Nothing good will come out of this.
I feel my heart twinge as he says goodbye.
I want to scream, “NO!”
But no words form on my dry tongue.
Would he listen to me?
No, he wouldn’t, not now.

I struggle to hold in my tears.
My heart stops working, and I let it.
I don’t have anything to live for now.
I stand tall,
Raise my head,
And smile,
Though on the inside,
I’m collapsing.
                   
I keep a poker face as I walk into school.
Why must people mock me so?
They are so happy,
They have a happy life,
Yet here I am, dealing with a soul crippling from a loss.
Here I am, dying on the inside.
I can never be happy again; unless he comes back.

Babysitting Problems

As I step into the house with my huge duffle bag, I feel a strange feeling. I’ve been here before you don’t need to worry, I think to myself as I drop the bag, and gaze around. The house is one floor with antiques and flowers crowding the house like they are in a party. It’s an old styled house, so how can the kids live here?

“Sorry, I know it’s creepy, but don’t worry, you’ll find this place great!” Mrs. Gonzales reassures me. I nod, not finding any words to say. “Alright, I’ll leave you to it. Have a good time! The kids are great! Goodbye!” she waves happily as she leaves. I wave back, and smile. She seems to leave in a hurry, I guess she has a lot less time then I would’ve thought.

I bolt to the room where the kids are, so I don’t leave them too long. Anna, 12, is playing with her younger sister, Casey, who is 3 years old. Little Tommy, 5, is sitting alone in the corner playing with his toys. I greeted them, and played along with them. Everything passed along fine, but every time I looked into Tommy’s gray eyes, an uncertain feeling washed across me. I can’t put my finger on it…

The time flew by so fast, and then it was time for bed in a flash. I put Anna, Casey, and Tommy to bed, and went downstairs to watch the TV. I cuddle up on their flower couch, grab my phone to text their mom about the kids, and fall asleep, having a heavy feeling in the pit of my stomach.

I wake up at the cry of Tommy, “Miss Emma! Can you come please?”

“Coming Tommy!” I shouted back, and almost fly to Tommy’s room hoping he’s ok. I pass the antique dolls, plates, and flowers on the way as if they were all looking at me with saddened eyes. The hallway seemed to stretch as I kept running, hoping more and more that he is ok. As my fingers skin the doorknob, I feel this unholy feeling crawl up my back. I jerk my fingers back as I shiver, but reach back and open the door. I need to help Tommy because behind this door I hear his crying.

As I enter his room, his eyes are glued to the wall, and he’s shivering under his bed covers. “You’ve gotten rid of him before? Can you do it again?” Tommy asks in a shaky voice, and then he looks at me with tears filling his eyes. What’s he talking about?

“Who?” I reply as I slowly walk to him, “I don’t know what you’re talking about.” I try my best not to look at the wall, though temptation fills inside me like lava about to pour out of a closed mountain.

Tommy’s gaze shifts back to the wall, and he yells as loud as he can, “Look at him! He only wants me to do his work, but you seem to scare him! You did it before! Just do it again!” He squeezes his cover and cries, “Just look at him! He’s right behind you!” At his words I freeze; who is behind me? I turn around and look at the wall. No one is there, but the door is moving. I approach the door and close the door for the room. A short, kid-size shadow was sitting on the floor giggling. He has no features except a wide mouth that stretches across his face. It opens up wide as he laughs like a lion. He shows his teeth as he stands up; what is he? I back up a bit, and he giggles more as the shadow gets out of the wall and crawls toward us. He looks at me and tilts his head in circles. He laughs as he becomes dust and flies toward my body. I’m so scared I can’t even move. My head is spinning by the argument in my head, but my feet won’t move. He flies toward my face, and goes into my mouth, nose, ears, and more. I can’t breath like this! My heart starts running as I start to loose consciousness. I collapse on the floor as I feel my strength fading. He comes out of my body, and stands over it. He giggles and walks to Tommy, “I finally figured out a way to get rid of you.” He jumps into his body, and Tommy falls asleep. Was it all a trick? I feel my heart stop as I gasp for air. “It’s over.” I whisper and gag. It’s all over.